Crystal structures of angiotensin-converting enzyme from Anopheles gambiae in its native form and with a bound inhibitor

The mosquitoes of the Anopheles and Aedes genus are some of the most deadly insects to humans because of their effectiveness as vectors of malaria and a range of arboviruses, including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, West Nile and Zika. The use of insecticides from different chemical classes is a key component of the integrated strategy against An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti, but the problem of insecticide resistance means that new compounds with different modes of action are urgently needed to replace chemicals that fail to control resistant mosquito populations. We have previously shown that feeding inhibitors of peptidyl dipeptidase A to both An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae lead to stunted growth and mortality. However, these compounds were designed to inhibit the mammalian form of the enzyme (angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE) and hence can have lower potency and lack selectivity as inhibitors of the insect peptidase. Thus, for the development of inhibitors of practical value in killing mosquito larvae, it is important to design new compounds that are both potent and highly selective. Here, we report the first structures of AnoACE2 from An. gambiae in its native form and with a bound human ACE inhibitor fosinoprilat. A comparison of these structures with human ACE (sACE) and an insect ACE homologue from Drosophila melanogaster (AnCE) revealed that the AnoACE2 structure is more similar to AnCE. In addition, important elements that differ in these structures provide information that could potentially be utilised in the design of chemical leads for selective mosquitocide development

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of neoagarobiose hydrolase from Saccharophagus degradans 2-40

Many agarolytic bacteria degrade agar polysaccharide into the disaccharide unit neoagarobiose [O-3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-D-galactose] using various β-agarases. Neoagarobiose hydrolase is an enzyme that acts on the α-1,3 linkage in neoagarobiose to yield D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose. This activity is essential in both the metabolism of agar by agarolytic bacteria and the production of fermentable sugars from agar biomass for bioenergy production. Neoagarobiose hydrolase from the marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 129.83, b = 76.81, c = 90.11 Å, β = 101.86°. The crystals diffracted to 1.98 Å resolution and possibly contains two molecules in the asymmetric unit

Molecular basis of halorespiration control by CprK, a CRP-FNR type transcriptional regulator

Certain bacteria are able to conserve energy via the reductive dehalogenation of halo-organic compounds in a respiration-type metabolism. The transcriptional regulator CprK from Desulfitobacterium spp. induces expression of halorespiratory genes upon binding of o-chlorophenol ligands and is reversibly inactivated by oxygen through disulphide bond formation. We report crystal structures of D. hafniense CprK in the ligand-free (both oxidation states), ligand-bound (reduced) and DNA-bound states, making it the first member of the widespread CRP-FNR superfamily for which a complete structural description of both redox-dependent and allosteric molecular rearrangements is available. In conjunction with kinetic and thermodynamic ligand binding studies, we provide a model for the allosteric mechanisms underpinning transcriptional control. Amino acids that play a key role in this mechanism are not conserved in functionally distinct CRP-FNR members. This suggests that, despite significant structural homology, distinct allosteric mechanisms are used, enabling this protein family to control a very wide range of processes

Molecular basis of halorespiration control by CprK, a CRP-FNR type transcriptional regulator

Certain bacteria are able to conserve energy via the reductive dehalogenation of halo-organic compounds in a respiration-type metabolism. The transcriptional regulator CprK from Desulfitobacterium spp. induces expression of halorespiratory genes upon binding of o-chlorophenol ligands and is reversibly inactivated by oxygen through disulphide bond formation. We report crystal structures of D. hafniense CprK in the ligand-free (both oxidation states), ligand-bound (reduced) and DNA-bound states, making it the first member of the widespread CRP-FNR superfamily for which a complete structural description of both redox-dependent and allosteric molecular rearrangements is available. In conjunction with kinetic and thermodynamic ligand binding studies, we provide a model for the allosteric mechanisms underpinning transcriptional control. Amino acids that play a key role in this mechanism are not conserved in functionally distinct CRP-FNR members. This suggests that, despite significant structural homology, distinct allosteric mechanisms are used, enabling this protein family to control a very wide range of processes

The evolution of an allosteric site in phosphorylase

AbstractBackground: Glycogen phosphorylases consist of a conserved catalytic core onto which different regulatory sites are added. By comparing the structures of isozymes, we hope to understand the structural principles of allosteric regulation in this family of enzymes. Here, we focus on the differences in the glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) binding sites of two isozymes.Results We have refined the structure of Glc-6-P inhibited yeast phosphorylase b to 2.6 å and compared it with known structures of muscle phosphorylase. Glc-6-P binds in a novel way, interacting with a distinct set of secondary elements. Structural links connecting the Glc-6-P binding sites and catalytic sites are conserved, although the specific contacts are not.Conclusion Our comparison reveals that the Glc-6-P binding site was modified over the course of evolution from yeast to vertebrates to become a bi-functional switch. The additional ability of muscle phosphorylase to be activated by AMP required the recruitment of structural elements into the binding site and sequence changes to create a binding subsite for adenine, whilst maintaining links to the catalytic site

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of mycophenolic acid-resistant and mycophenolic acid-sensitive forms of IMP dehydrogenase from the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus

Fungal human pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans are becoming an increasingly prevalent cause of human morbidity and mortality owing to the increasing numbers of susceptible individuals. The few antimycotics available to combat these pathogens usually target fungal-specific cell-wall or membrane-related components; however, the number of these targets is limited. In the search for new targets and lead compounds, C. neoformans has been found to be susceptible to mycophenolic acid through its target inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH); in contrast, a rare subtype of the related C. gattii is naturally resistant. Here, the expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of IMPDH complexed with IMP and NAD+ is reported for both of these Cryptococcus species. The crystals of IMPDH from both sources had the symmetry of the tetragonal space group I422 and diffracted to a resolution of 2.5 A for C. neoformans and 2.6 A for C. gattii

Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a deletion mutant of a major buckwheat allergen

A 16 kDa buckwheat protein (BWp16) is a major allergen responsible for immediate hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. An immunologically active mutant of BWp16 was prepared and a three-wavelength MAD data set was collected from a crystal of selenomethionine-labelled mutant protein

Chemical probing suggests redox-regulation of the carbonic anhydrase activity of mycobacterial Rv1284

The mycobacterial enzyme Rv1284 is a member of the ߭carbonic anhydrase family that is considered essential for survival of the pathogen. The active site cavity of this dimeric protein is characterized by an exceptionally small volume and harbours a catalytic zinc ion coordinated by two cysteine and one histidine residue side chains. Using the natural products polycarpine and emodin as chemical probes in crystallographic experiments and stopped-flow enzyme assays, we report that the catalytic activity can be reversibly inhibited by oxidation. Oxidative conditions lead to the removal of one of the active site cysteine residues from the coordination sphere of the catalytic metal ion by engagement in a disulfide bond with another cysteine residue close by. The subsequent loss of the metal ion, which is supported by crystallographic analysis, may thus render the protein catalytically inactive. The oxidative inhibition of Rv1284 can be reversed by exposing the protein to reducing conditions. Because the physical size of the chemical probes used in the present study substantially exceeds the active site volume, we hypothesized that these compounds exert their effects from a surface-bound location and identified Tyr120 as a critical residue for oxidative inactivation. These findings link conditions of oxidative stress to pH homeostasis of the pathogen. Because oxidative stress and acidification are defence mechanisms employed by the innate immune system of the host, we suggest that Rv1284 may be a component of the mycobacterial survival strategy.Griffith Sciences, Griffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryFull Tex

Biochemical and Structural Evidence in Support of a Coherent Model for the Formation of the Double-Helical Influenza A Virus Ribonucleoprotein

Influenza A virions contain eight ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), each comprised of a negative-strand viral RNA, the viral polymerase, and multiple nucleoproteins (NPs) that coat the viral RNA. NP oligomerization along the viral RNA is mediated largely by a 28-amino-acid tail loop. Influenza viral RNPs, which serve as the templates for viral RNA synthesis in the nuclei of infected cells, are not linear but rather are organized in hairpin-like double-helical structures. Here we present results that strongly support a coherent model for the assembly of the double-helical influenza virus RNP structure. First, we show that NP self-associates much more weakly in the absence of RNA than in its presence, indicating that oligomerization is very limited in the cytoplasm. We also show that once NP has oligomerized, it can dissociate in the absence of bound RNA, but only at a very slow rate, indicating that the NP scaffold remains intact when viral RNA dissociates from NPs to interact with the polymerase during viral RNA synthesis. In addition, we identify a previously unknown NP-NP interface that is likely responsible for organizing the double-helical viral RNP structure. This identification stemmed from our observation that NP lacking the oligomerization tail loop forms monomers and dimers. We determined the crystal structure of this NP dimer, which reveals this new NP-NP interface. Mutation of residues that disrupt this dimer interface does not affect oligomerization of NPs containing the tail loop but does inactivate the ability of NPs containing the tail loop to support viral RNA synthesis in minigenome assays

Identification of ‘erasers’ for lysine crotonylated histone marks using a chemical proteomics approach

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play a crucial role in a wide range of biological processes. Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly discovered histone PTM that is enriched at active gene promoters and potential enhancers in mammalian cell genomes. However, the cellular enzymes that regulate the addition and removal of Kcr are unknown, which has hindered further investigation of its cellular functions. Here we used a chemical proteomics approach to comprehensively profile 'eraser' enzymes that recognize a lysine-4 crotonylated histone H3 (H3K4Cr) mark. We found that Sirt1, Sirt2, and Sirt3 can catalyze the hydrolysis of lysine crotonylated histone peptides and proteins. More importantly, Sirt3 functions as a decrotonylase to regulate histone Kcr dynamics and gene transcription in living cells. This discovery not only opens opportunities for examining the physiological significance of histone Kcr, but also helps to unravel the unknown cellular mechanisms controlled by Sirt3, that have previously been considered solely as a deacetylase.published_or_final_versio